Spatial gradients in aerosol-induced atmospheric heating and surface dimming over the oceanic regions around India: anthropogenic or natural?

Abstract

Making use of the extensive shipboard and aircraft measurements of aerosol properties over the oceanic regions surrounding the Indian peninsula, under the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB) field experiment during the premonsoon season (March–May), supplemented with long-term satellite data and chemical transport model simulations, investigations are made of the east–west and north–south gradients in aerosol properties and estimated radiative forcing, over the oceans around India. An eastward gradient has been noticed in most of the aerosol parameters that persisted both within the marine atmospheric boundary layer and above up to an altitude of ~6 km; the gradients being steeper at higher altitudes. It was also noticed that the north–south gradient has contrasting patterns over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea on the either side of the Indian peninsula. The aerosol-induced atmospheric heating rate increased from a low value of ≤0.1 K day⁻¹ in the southwestern Arabian Sea to as high as ~0.5 K day⁻¹ over the northeastern Bay of Bengal. The simulations of species-resolved spatial gradients have revealed that the observed gradients are the result of the strong modulations by anthropogenic species over the natural gradients, thereby emphasizing the role of human activities in imparting regional forcing. These large spatial gradients in aerosol forcing induced by mostly anthropogenic aerosols over the oceanic regions around the Indian peninsula can potentially affect the regional circulation patterns.