Anthropometric measures and glucose levels in a large multi-ethnic cohort of individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Aims/hypotheses We determined: (1) which of BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and WHR has the strongest association and explanatory power for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and glucose status; and (2) the impact of considering two measures simultaneously. We also explored variation in anthropometric associations by sex and ethnicity. Methods: We performed cross-sectional analysis of 22,293 men and women who were from five ethnic groups and 21 countries, and at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Standardised anthropometric associations with type 2 diabetes and AUC of glucose status from OGTT (AUC_OGTT) were determined using multiple regression. Explanatory power was assessed using the c-statistic and adjusted r². Results: An increase in BMI, waist circumference or WHR had similar positive associations with type 2 diabetes, AUC_OGTT and explanatory power after adjustment for age, sex, smoking and ethnicity (p<0.01). However, using BMI and WHR together resulted in greater explanatory power than with other models (p<0.01). Associations were strongest when waist circumference and hip circumference were used together, a combination that had greater explanatory power than other models except for BMI and WHR together (p<0.01). Results were directionally similar according to sex and ethnicity; however, significant variations in associations were observed among these subgroups. Conclusions/interpretation: The combination of BMI and WHR, or of waist circumference and hip circumference has the best explanatory power for type 2 diabetes and glucose status compared with a single anthropometric measure. Measurement of waist circumference and hip circumference is required to optimally identify people at risk of type 2 diabetes and people with elevated glucose levels.