Energy pooling in multiple ionization and Coulomb explosion of clusters by nanosecond-long, megawatt laser pulses

Abstract

We report the results of experiments that establish the possibility of bringing about multiple ionization and Coulomb explosion of molecular clusters with nanosecond laser pulses at intensities as small as 10⁹ W cm^-2. We demonstrate several new facets of the laser-cluster interaction in the low-intensity, long-pulse domain: (i) The choice of laser wavelength for a given cluster species is very crucial. (ii) Excited electronic states play a very important role in the ionization dynamics. (iii) When field ionization is insignificant and ponderomotive energies are very small, it is energy pooling rather than inverse bremsstrahlung that determines how clusters absorb energy from the optical field.