Human-mangrove conflicts: the way out

Abstract

V. P. Upadhyay, Rajiv Ranjan and J. S. Singh Mangrove resources are available in approximately 117 countries, covering an area of 190,000 to 240,000 km². Countries like Indonesia, Nigeria and Australia have the largest mangrove areas. These ecosystems harbour 193 plant species, 397 fishes, 259 crabs, 256 molluscs, 450 insects and more than 250 other associated species. Mangrove ecosystem has the highest level of productivity among natural ecosystems, and performs several ecosystem services. The continued exploitation of mangroves worldwide has led to habitat loss, changes in species composition, loss of biodiversity and shifts in dominance and survival ability. Worldwide, about half of the mangroves have been destroyed. The Indian mangrove biodiversity is rather high. The increase in the biotic pressure on mangroves in India has been mainly due to land use changes and on account of multiple uses such as for fodder, fuel wood, fibre, timber, alcohol, paper, charcoal and medicine. Along the west coast alone, almost 40% of the mangrove area has been converted to agriculture and urban development. Our understanding of the natural processes in this vulnerable and fragile ecosystem is far from adequate. Environmental awareness, proper management plan and greater thrust on ecological research on mangrove ecosystems may help save and restore these unique ecosystems.