Caught in the act: binding of Ku and PARP to MARs reveals novel aspects of their functional interaction

Abstract

Specific regions of eukaryotic genomic DNA that exhibit high-affinity binding to the nuclear matrix in vitro are called matrix attachment regions (MARs) and are implicated in the loop domain organization of chromatin. Small regions possessing high base impairing potential within these MARs are referred to as base impairing regions (BURs). BUR-affinity chromatographic separations of proteins from breast cancer cells yielded, almost exclusively, a mixture of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). two nuclear enzymes that arc implicated in the cellular response to DNA damage. Contrary to the long-held notion that PARP and Ku autoantigen, the DNA-binding heterodimeric subunit of DNA-PK. bind only to DNA ends, recently we have shown that both proteins individually hind BURs with high affinity and specificity in an end-independent manner. Furthermore, Ku autoantigen forms a molecular complex with PARP in the absence of DNA, and the physical association of these proteins synergistically enhanced their BUR-binding activity. Autoribosylation of PARP abolished its association with Ku autoantigen and BUR-binding activity. These findings have, for the first time, provided a molecular link toward elucidating the functional interaction between PARP and DNA-PK. The identification of MARs as their common binding target suggests a novel role for these enzymes in the modulation of chromatin structure and function.