ATCUN-like metal-binding motifs in proteins: identification and characterization by crystal structure and sequence analysis

Abstract

The amino terminal Cu(II)- and Ni(II)-binding (ATCUN) motif is a small metal-binding site found in the N-terminus of many naturally occurring proteins. The ATCUN motif has been implicated in DNA cleavage and has been shown to have antitumor activity. In proteins, the ATCUN motif is formed from a histidine in the third position, its preceding residue and the free N-terminus. Four nitrogen atoms from these three residues act as metal ligands. Knowledge of metal-binding geometry helps in the design of metal-binding peptides and in understanding of the mechanisms of metal-mediated functions. Since the N-terminus region of ATCUN-containing proteins is highly disordered, no geometrical features can be derived from the protein structures. However, the crystal structure of a small metal-bound ATCUN peptide shows that the nitrogen ligands form a distorted square planar geometry. Distance constraints derived from this designed peptide were used to search 1949 polypeptide chains to find ATCUN-like motifs in any position along the polypeptide chain. Only ≈1.9% and ≈0.3% of histidines are involved in partial and full ATCUN-like geometric features, respectively. These two datasets were compared with the dataset of all histidines. None of the ATCUN-like motifs occur in the middle of an α-helix or a β-strand. Further sequence analysis revealed total conservation of ATCUN histidines in four proteins including the transcription factor TBX3, implicated in Ulnar-Mammary Syndrome. Our analysis suggests that the ATCUN-like motif in TBX3 is a potential metal-binding site, although a structural role was not completely ruled out. Metal-binding activity in TBX3, if confirmed, will help us to understand the role of metals in transcriptional regulation and is likely to cast light on the causes of some serious genetic disorders. A conformational role is suggested for ATCUN-like motifs in other proteins.