A study of the interaction of DAPI with DNA containing AT and non-AT sequences--molecular specificity of minor groove binding drugs

Abstract

The binding specificity of DAPI to DNA has been probed by analysing its interactions with DNA octamers consisting of different base sequences, which include adenine, guanine, 2-amino adenine and inosine, using molecular mechanics methods. Presence of AT and non-AT base pairs in the immediate vicinity of the binding site, containing AT and non-AT base pairs is also investigated. Results show that DAPI most prefers to bind to homopolymer of AT, and least to the duplex containing alternating GC bases. DAPI interacts with homopolymeric duplexes in two possible orientations related by 180 degrees with nearly same affinity. Affinity of DAPI towards DNA comprising the modified bases, inosine and 2-amino adenine, is in between these extremities. The binding affinity is reduced to some extent by the occurrence of non AT bases flanking the four base paired binding region. An interesting revelation is that one can visualise DAPI to form a hydrogen bond with O2 of cytosine indicating that the 2-amino group of purines does not per se sterically preclude DAPI from residing in the minor groove of B-DNA helix. On the other hand, repulsive nature of electrostatic interactions that prevail at the minor groove consequent to the presence of these sequences contribute decisively in preventing further diffusion of the drug. Thus, electrostatics, rather than hydrogen bonding to bases, seemingly play an important role in determining the specificity of interaction. The retention of drug binders in the minor groove and therefore recognition, is governed by the combined effect of these various forces.