Crystal structure of a novel regulatory 40-kDa mammary gland protein (MGP-40) secreted during involution

Abstract

We have determined the crystal structure of a novel regulatory protein (MGP-40) from the mammary gland. This protein is implicated as a protective signaling factor that determines which cells are to survive the drastic tissue remodeling that occurs during involution. It has been indicated that certain cancers could surreptitiously utilize the proposed normal protective signaling by proteins of this family to extend their own survival and thereby allow them to invade the organ and metastasize. In view of this, MGP-40 could form an important target for rational structure-based drug design against breast cancer. It is a single chain, glycosylated protein with a molecular mass of 40 kDa. It was isolated from goat dry secretions and has been cloned and sequenced. It was crystallized by microdialysis from 20 mg ml^-1solution in 0.1 m Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and equilibrated against the same solution containing 19% ethanol. Its x-ray structure has been determined by molecular replacement and refined to a 2.9 Åresolution. The protein adopts a β/α domain structure with a triose-phosphate isomerase barrel conformation in the core and a small α+β folding domain. A single glycosylation site containing twoN-acetylglucosamine units has been observed in the structure. Compared with chitinases and chitinase-like proteins the most important mutation in this protein pertains to a change from Glu to Leu at position 119, which is part of the so-called active site sequence in the form of Asp¹¹⁵, Leu¹¹⁹, and Asp¹⁸⁶ and in this case resulting in the loss of chitinase activity. The orientations of two Trp residues Trp⁷⁸and Trp³³¹ in the βbarrel reduces the free space, drastically impairing the binding of saccharides/polysaccharides. However, the site and mode of binding of this protein to cell surface receptors are not yet known.