Influence of nitrogen fertilisers on the persistence of carbaryl and carbofuran in flooded soils

Abstract

Ammonium sulphate and urea, but not potassium sulphate, increased the persistence of carbaryl in a flooded laterite soil with a low native nitrogen content (0.04%), but not in an alluvial soil with a higher nitrogen content (0.11%). Thus, NH₄⁺ but not SO₄^2-, contributed to the increased persistence of carbaryl. Likewise, ammonium sulphate increased the persistence of carbofuran in the laterite soil, but not in the alluvial soil. Significant accumulations of 1-naphthol and 2,3-dihydro-2, 2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-ol ('carbofuran phenol'), in soils treated with carbaryl or carbofuran, suggested hydrolysis as the major pathway of degradation. Treatment of the two soils with ammonium sulphate, urea or potassium sulphate led to a decrease in soil-bound residues and an increase in the respective hydrolysis products, compared with untreated soils. Sorption studies indicated that NH₄⁺ and SO₄^2- compete with carbaryl, 1-naphthol and carbofuran for sorption and exchange sites in the complex soil system. Evolution of [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide from ring-¹⁴C in carbaryl and carbofuran was negligible. Consequently, after 40 days, more than 50% of the ¹⁴C in [¹⁴C]carbaryl and [¹⁴C]carbofuran remained in the soils as hydrolysis products (1-naphthol or 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-ol) plus soil-bound residues.