NMR analysis of aromatic interactions in designed peptide β-hairpins

Abstract

Designed octapeptide β-hairpins containing a central ^DPro-Gly segment have been used as a scaffold to place the aromatic residues Tyr and Trp at various positions on the antiparallel β-strands. Using a set of five peptide hairpins, aromatic interactions have been probed across antiparallel β-sheets, in the non-hydrogen bonding position (Ac-L-Y-V-^DP-G-L-Y/W-V-OMe: peptides 1 and 2), diagonally across the strands (Boc-Y/W-L-V-^DP-G-W-L-V-OMe: peptides 3 and 6), and along the strands at positions i and i + 2 (Boc-L-L-V-^DP-G-Y-L-W-OMe: peptide 4). Two peptides served as controls (Boc-L-L-V-DP-G-Y-W-V-OMe: peptide 5; Boc-L-Y-V-^DP-G-L-L-V-OMe: peptide 7) for aromatic interactions. All studies have been carried out using solution NMR methods in CDCl₃ + 10% DMSO-d₆ and have been additionally examined in CD₃OH for peptides 1 and 2. Inter-ring proton-proton nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) and upfield shifted aromatic proton resonances have provided firm evidence for specific aromatic interactions. Calculated NMR structures for peptides 1 and 2, containing aromatic pairs at facing non-hydrogen bonded positions, revealed that T-shaped arrangements of the interacting pairs of rings are favored, with ring current effects leading to extremely upfield chemical shifts and temperature dependences for specific aromatic protons. Anomalous far-UV CD spectra appeared to be a characteristic feature in peptides where the two aromatic residues are spatially proximal. The observation of the close approach of aromatic rings in organic solvents suggests that interactions of an electrostatic nature may be favored. This situation may be compared to the case of aqueous solutions, where clustering of aromatic residues is driven by solvophobic (hydrophobic) forces.