Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy could correct for probe binding while estimating intracellular pH

Abstract

Estimation of intracellular pH by fluorescence ratiometry overcomes many of the limitations such as variations in the pathlength of observation and concentration of the probe, light scattering, and photobleaching. However, binding of probes to membranes and macromolecules is generally not taken into account. By using time-resolved fluorescence microscopy on a variety of cell types, we have shown that the dual-emission fluorescent pH probe carboxy SNARF-1 binds to cellular components in significant levels. The bound population could be resolved in the timescale since its fluorescence lifetime (~3 ns) is significantly larger than that of the free probe. Intracellular pH was estimated from the relative amplitudes corresponding to free probes. This procedure was validated in simple model systems where carboxy SNARF-1 was present in solutions of bovine serum albumin. It was shown that the intracellular pH could be overestimated by as much as 1 pH unit in the absence of correction for probe binding.