Nickel-laden dendritic plasmonic colloidosomes of black gold: Forced plasmon mediated photocatalytic CO₂ hydrogenation

Abstract

In this work, we have designed and synthesized nickel-laden dendritic plasmonic colloidosomes of Au (black gold-Ni). The photocatalytic CO₂ hydrogenation activities of black gold-Ni increased dramatically to the extent that measurable photoactivity was only observed with the black gold-Ni catalyst, with a very high photocatalytic CO production rate (2464 ± 40 mmol gNi^–1 h^–1) and 95% selectivity. Notably, the reaction was carried out in a flow reactor at low temperature and atmospheric pressure without external heating. The catalyst was stable for at least 100 h. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy studies indicated indirect hot-electron transfer from the black gold to Ni in less than 100 fs, corroborated by a reduction in Au–plasmon electron–phonon lifetime and a bleach signal associated with Ni d-band filling. Photocatalytic reaction rates on excited black gold-Ni showed a superlinear power law dependence on the light intensity, with a power law exponent of 5.6, while photocatalytic quantum efficiencies increased with an increase in light intensity and reaction temperature, which indicated the hot-electron-mediated mechanism. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) in light (1.91) was higher than that in the dark (∼1), which further indicated the electron-driven plasmonic CO₂ hydrogenation. Black gold-Ni catalyzed CO₂ hydrogenation in the presence of an electron-accepting molecule, methyl-p-benzoquinone, reduced the CO production rate, asserting the hot-electron-mediated mechanism. Operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) showed that CO₂ hydrogenation took place by a direct dissociation path via linearly bonded Ni–CO intermediates. The outstanding catalytic performance of black gold-Ni may provide a way to develop plasmonic catalysts for CO₂ reduction and other catalytic processes using black gold.