Beyond Traditional Training: Exploring the Benefits of Virtual Reality Simulator in Lumbar Pedicle Screw Insertion - A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Introduction This study compares the effectiveness of virtual reality simulators (VRS) and a saw bone model for learning lumbar pedicle screw insertion (LPSI) in neurosurgery. Methods A single-center, cross-sectional, randomized controlled laboratory investigation was conducted involving residents and fellows from a tertiary care referral hospital. Participants were divided into two groups (A and B). Group A performed 3 LPSI tasks: the first on a saw bone model, the second on VRS, and the third on another saw bone model. Group B completed 2 LPSI tasks: the first on a saw bone model and the second on another saw bone model. The accuracy of LPSI was evaluated through noncontrast computed tomography scans for the saw bone models, while the in-built application of VRS was utilized to check for accuracy of screw placement using the simulator. Results The study included 38 participants (19 in each group). Group A participants showed reduced mean entry point error (0.11 mm, P 0.024), increased mean purchase length (4.66 cm, P 0.007), and no cortical breaches (P 0.031) when placing the second saw bone model screw. Similar improvements were observed among group A participants in PGY 1–3 while placing the second saw bone model screws. Conclusions Virtual reality simulators (VRS) prove to be an invaluable tool for teaching complex neurosurgical skills, such as LPSI, to trainees. This technology investment can enhance the learning curve while maintaining patient safety.