Review of catalyst design and mechanistic studies for the production of olefins from anthropogenic CO₂

Abstract

The use of anthropogenic CO₂ as a carbon source for the synthesis of value-added chemicals, mainly light olefins, is a green route that has not been extensively explored. Designing robust catalysts for the production of olefins is a challenge due to the current lack of clarity on the complex CO₂ hydrogenation mechanism. This review aims to elucidate the production of olefins from CO₂ with an emphasis on material design and existing mechanistic evidence. The major focus is on catalyst design and structure–activity relationships that can mold future progress in this area with significant relevance to industrial implementation. The mechanisms used in these catalytic routes are discussed at length with appropriate examples. Furthermore, practical reactor design, efficient process engineering, and the importance of life cycle analysis are discussed in depth. These are relevant parameters that need to be integrated with catalyst design to overcome scientific and technological challenges to reach the commercial viability of this technology.