Role of Cholesterol and Its Immediate Biosynthetic Precursors in Membrane Dynamics and Heterogeneity: Implications for Health and Disease

Abstract

Cholesterol is an indispensible component of cellular membranes in higher eukaryotes and plays a vital role in many cellular functions. 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) and desmosterol represent two immediate biosynthetic precursors of cholesterol in the Kandutsch–Russell and Bloch pathways of cholesterol biosynthesis, respectively. Although 7-DHC and desmosterol differ from cholesterol merely by a double bond, accumulation of these two immediate biosynthetic precursors due to defective cholesterol biosynthesis leads to severe developmental and neurological disorders. In this context, we explored the role of cholesterol and its immediate biosynthetic precursors (7-DHC and desmosterol) on the dynamics and heterogeneity of fluid phase POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and gel phase DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) membranes, using fluorescence lifetime distribution analysis of Nile Red (9-diethylamino-5H-benzo[α]phenoxazine-5-one) using the maximum entropy method (MEM). We show here that the membrane interfacial dynamic heterogeneity, manifested as the width of the fluorescence lifetime distribution of Nile Red, exhibited by 7-DHC and desmosterol vastly differ from that displayed by cholesterol, particularly in fluid phase membranes. We conclude that a subtle alteration in sterol structure could considerably alter dynamic membrane heterogeneity, which could have implications in pathogenicity associated with defective cholesterol biosynthesis.