Molecular evolution of a collage of cholesterol interaction motifs in transmembrane helix V of the serotonin1A receptor

Abstract

The human serotonin1A receptor is a representative member of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and an important drug target for neurological disorders. Using a combination of biochemical, biophysical and molecular dynamics simulation approaches, we and others have shown that membrane cholesterol modulates the organization, dynamics and function of vertebrate serotonin1A receptors. Previous studies have shown that the cytoplasmic portion of transmembrane helix V (TM V) and the extramembraneous intracellular loop 3 are critical for G-protein coupling, phosphorylation and desensitization of the receptor. We have recently resolved a collage of putative cholesterol interaction motifs from the amino acid sequence overlapping this region. In this paper, we explore the sequence plasticity of this fragment that may have adapted to altered membrane lipidome, after vertebrates evolved from primordial invertebrates. Since invertebrates have lower levels of membrane cholesterol relative to vertebrates, we compared TM V sequence fragments from invertebrate serotonin1 receptors with vertebrate orthologs to infer the sequence plasticity in TM V. We report that the average number of cholesterol interaction motifs in TM V for diverse phyla represents an increasing trend that could mirror vertebrate evolution from primordial invertebrates. By statistical modeling, we propose that the collage of cholesterol interaction motifs in TM V of the human serotonin1A receptor may have evolved from rudimentary collages, reminiscent of primordial invertebrate orthologs. Taken together, we propose that a repertoire of cholesterol-philic nonsynonymous substitutions may have enhanced collage complexity in TM V during vertebrate evolution.