Cycloaddition Reactions between H2C = CHR (R = H, CN, CH3) and a Cyclic P/B Frustrated Lewis Pair: A DFT Study

Abstract

The cycloaddition of ethylene, cyanoethylene, and propylene to a five-membered P/B frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) is shown to be highly favorable under normal conditions, as confirmed by the computed thermodynamic and kinetic data. All of these cycloaddition reactions are concerted as highlighted by the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) and Wiberg bond index calculations. Almost 70% of the reaction force is required for structural orientation to initiate electronic activity. The reactions are interpreted by the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis and conceptual density functional theory (DFT)-based reactivity descriptors. It appears that ethylene and propylene will act as nucleophiles, while the FLP will act as an electrophile throughout the cycloaddition reaction, however, cyanoethylene will act as an electrophile and the FLP as a nucleophile. Regioselectivities of the cycloadditon of cyanoethylene and propylene to the FLP are further verified through philicity and dual descriptors. It is demonstrated that an FLP can be forced to act as an electrophile or a nucleophile by intelligently selecting its partner in a cycloaddition reaction. Even the P and B centers would behave differently within the same FLP. This strategy may be properly exploited by the experimentalists in designing a suitable reaction for the synthesis of any useful molecule possessing the desired property.