Photocytotoxic Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes of Polypyridyl Ligands Showing DNA‐Cleavage Activity in Near‐IR Light

Abstract

Oxidovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(pyphen)(L)]Cl2 (1, 2) and [VO(pydppz)(L)]Cl2 (3, 4), where L is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen in 1 and 3) and dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (dppz in 2 and 4) are prepared and characterized. The crystal structure of [VO(pyphen)(phen)](ClO4)2 (1a) shows a six-coordinate VN5O geometry with a VO2+ moiety in which the polypyridyl ligand binds in a meridional fashion and the phen ligand displays a chelating binding mode with an N-donor site trans to the oxidovanadyl group. The complexes show a d–d band within 720–750 nm in DMF. The one-electron paramagnetic complexes are 1:2 electrolytes in DMF. The complexes exhibit an irreversible VIV/VIII redox response near –0.85 V vs. SCE in DMF/0.1 M TBAP. The complexes bind to calf thymus (ct) DNA giving Kb values within 7.5 × 104 to 1.1 × 106 M–1. The complexes show poor chemical nuclease activity in the dark and exhibit significant DNA-photocleaving activity in near-IR light of 705 and 785 nm forming ·OH radicals. Complexes 2–4 show remarkable photocytotoxicity in HeLa cancer cells. FACS analysis of the HeLa cells treated with complex 4 shows cell death as highlighted by the sub G1 peak. Propidium iodide staining data indicate apoptosis as the primary mode of cell death.