Design of Ultrasensitive Protein Biosensor Strips for Selective Detection of Aromatic Contaminants in Environmental Wastewater

Abstract

Phenol and its derivatives constitute a class of highly toxic xenobiotics that pollute both river and groundwater. Here, we use a highly stable enzyme-based in vitro biosensing scaffold to develop a chip-based environmental diagnostic for in situ accurate, direct detection of phenol with selectively down to 10 ppb. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MCM41) having a pore diameter of 6.5 nm was screened and found to be the optimal solid support for creation of a robust immobilized protein based sensor, which retains stability, enzyme activity, sensitivity, and selectivity at par with solution format. The sensor strip exhibits minimal cross reactivity in simulated wastewater, crowded with several common pollutants. Moreover, this design is competent towards detection of phenol content with 95% accuracy in real-time environmental samples collected from local surroundings, making it a viable candidate for commercialization. The enzyme has been further modified via evolution driven mutagenesis to generate an exclusive 2,3-dimethylphenol sensor with equivalent selectivity and sensitivity as the native phenol sensor. Thus, this approach can be extended to generate a battery of sensors for other priority aromatic pollutants, highlighting the versatility of the biosensor unit. This novel biosensor design presents promising potential for direct detection and can be integrated in a device format for on-site pollutant monitoring.