Statistics of Entanglement Transformation with Hierarchies among Catalysts

Abstract

The distribution of typical bipartite pure states is studied within the framework of state transformation via local operation and classical communication (LOCC). We report the statistics of comparable and incomparable states in different dimensions for single- and multi-copy regimes and establish a connection between state transformation and the difference between the entanglement contents of the initial and the target states. From the analysis of catalyst resources, required to further otherwise impossible LOCC transformations between pairs, we demonstrate a universal pattern in the average and minimum entanglement of the randomly generated catalysts. Furthermore, we introduce a concept of hierarchy between different kinds of catalysts and show how they can not only aid in the conversion of incomparable states but can also act as a less costly resource towards this goal. We confirm the existence of catalysts, referred to as strong catalysts, which can activate LOCC transformation between pairs at the single-copy level, when it is initially impossible even with multiple copies.