Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe ; Abate, Degu ; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen ; Abay, Solomon M ; Abbafati, Cristiana ; Abbasi, Nooshin ; Abbastabar, Hedayat ; Abd-Allah, Foad ; Abdela, Jemal ; Abdelalim, Ahmed ; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim ; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi ; Abebe, Molla ; Abebe, Zegeye ; Abil, Olifan Zewdie ; Aboyans, Victor ; Abrham, Aklilu Roba ; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal ; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E ; Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou ; Acharya, Dilaram ; Acharya, Pawan ; Ackerman, Ilana N ; Adamu, Abdu A ; Adebayo, Oladimeji M ; Adekanmbi, Victor ; Ademi, Zanfina ; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O ; Adib, Mina G ; Adsuar, Jose C ; Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko ; Afarideh, Mohsen ; Afshin, Ashkan ; Agarwal, Gina ; Agesa, Kareha M ; Aggarwal, Rakesh ; Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi ; Agrawal, Anurag ; Ahmadi, Alireza ; Ahmadi, Mehdi ; Ahmadieh, Hamid ; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir ; Ahmed, Sayem ; Aichour, Amani Nidhal ; Aichour, Ibtihel ; Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine ; Akinyemiju, Tomi ; Akseer, Nadia ; Al-Aly, Ziyad ; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman ; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M ; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M ; Alahdab, Fares ; Alam, Khurshid ; Alam, Tahiya ; Alashi, Alaa ; Alavian, Seyed Moayed ; Alene, Kefyalew Addis ; Alijanzadeh, Mehran ; Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza ; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed ; Alkerwi, Ala'a ; Alla, François ; Allebeck, Peter ; Alonso, Jordi ; Alsharif, Ubai ; Altirkawi, Khalid ; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson ; Aminde, Leopold N ; Amini, Erfan ; Amiresmaili, Mohammadreza ; Ammar, Walid ; Amoako, Yaw Ampem ; Anber, Nahla Hamed ; Andrei, Catalina Liliana ; Androudi, Sofia ; Animut, Megbaru Debalkie ; Anjomshoa, Mina ; Ansha, Mustafa Geleto ; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T ; Anwari, Palwasha ; Arabloo, Jalal ; Aremu, Olatunde ; Ärnlöv, Johan ; Arora, Amit ; Arora, Megha ; Artaman, Al ; Aryal, Krishna K ; Asayesh, Hamid ; Ataro, Zerihun ; Ausloos, Marcel ; Avila-Burgos, Leticia ; Avokpaho, Euripide F G A ; Awasthi, Ashish ; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina ; Ayer, Rakesh ; Azzopardi, Peter S ; Babazadeh, Arefeh ; Badali, Hamid ; Balakrishnan, Kalpana ; Bali, Ayele Geleto ; Banach, Maciej ; Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar ; Barac, Aleksandra ; Barboza, Miguel A ; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn ; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried ; Barquera, Simon ; Barrero, Lope H ; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad ; Bedi, Neeraj ; Beghi, Ettore ; Behzadifar, Masoud ; Behzadifar, Meysam ; Bekele, Bayu Begashaw ; Bekru, Eyasu Tamru ; Belachew, Abate Bekele ; Belay, Yihalem Abebe ; Bell, Michelle L ; Bello, Aminu K ; Bennett, Derrick A ; Bensenor, Isabela M ; Berhane, Adugnaw ; Bernabe, Eduardo ; Bernstein, Robert S ; Beuran, Mircea ; Beyranvand, Tina ; Bhala, Neeraj ; Bhatt, Samir ; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep ; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A ; Biadgo, Belete ; Biehl, Molly H ; Bijani, Ali ; Bikbov, Boris ; Bilano, Ver ; Bililign, Nigus ; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat ; Bisanzio, Donal ; Bjørge, Tone ; Bleyer, Archie ; Bobasa, Eshetu Mulisa ; Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R ; Boufous, Soufiane ; Bourne, Rupert ; Brady, Oliver J ; Brant, Luisa C ; Brayne, Carol ; Brazinova, Alexandra ; Breitborde, Nicholas J K ; Brenner, Hermann ; Briant, Paul Svitil ; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich ; Britton, Gabrielle ; Brugha, Traolach ; Buchbinder, Rachelle ; Busse, Reinhard ; Butt, Zahid A ; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero ; Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar ; Cano, Jorge ; Cárdenas, Rosario ; Carrero, Juan J ; Carter, Austin ; Carvalho, Félix ; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A ; Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline ; Castro, Franz ; Catalá-López, Ferrán ; Cercy, Kelly M ; Cerin, Ester ; Chaiah, Yazan ; Chang, Jung-Chen ; Charlson, Fiona J ; Chattu, Vijay Kumar ; Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia ; Chitheer, Abdulaal ; Choi, Jee-Young J ; Christensen, Hanne ; Christopher, Devasahayam J ; Chung, Sheng-Chia ; Cicuttini, Flavia M ; Cirillo, Massimo ; Collado-Mateo, Daniel ; Cooper, Cyrus ; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo ; Cortinovis, Monica ; Cousin, Ewerton ; Criqui, Michael H ; Cromwell, Elizabeth A ; Cross, Marita ; Crump, John A ; Daba, Alemneh Kabeta ; Dachew, Berihun Assefa ; Dadi, Abel Fekadu ; Dandona, Lalit ; Dandona, Rakhi ; Dargan, Paul I ; Daryani, Ahmad ; Das Gupta, Rajat ; Das Neves, José ; Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye ; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil ; De La Hoz, Fernando Pio ; De Leo, Diego ; De Neve, Jan-Walter ; De Steur, Hans ; Degefa, Meaza Girma ; Degenhardt, Louisa ; Deiparine, Selina ; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam ; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar ; Deribe, Kebede ; Dervenis, Nikolaos ; Des Jarlais, Don C ; Dey, Subhojit ; Dharmaratne, Samath D ; Dhimal, Meghnath ; Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese ; Dirac, M Ashworth ; Djalalinia, Shirin ; Doan, Linh ; Dokova, Klara ; Doku, David Teye ; Dorsey, E Ray ; Doyle, Kerrie E ; Driscoll, Tim Robert ; Dubey, Manisha ; Dubljanin, Eleonora ; Duken, Eyasu Ejeta ; Duncan, Bruce B ; Duraes, Andre R ; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh ; Ebrahimpour, Soheil ; Echko, Michelle M ; Edessa, Dumessa ; Edvardsson, David ; Effiong, Andem ; Eggen, Anne Elise ; Ehrlich, Joshua R ; El Bcheraoui, Charbel ; El-Khatib, Ziad ; Elyazar, Iqbal R F ; Enayati, Ahmadali ; Endalifer, Melese Linger ; Endries, Aman Yesuf ; Er, Benjamin ; Erskine, Holly E ; Eskandarieh, Sharareh ; Esteghamati, Alireza ; Esteghamati, Sadaf ; Fakhim, Hamed ; Faramarzi, Mahbobeh ; Fareed, Mohammad ; Farhadi, Farzaneh ; Farid, Talha A ; Farinha, Carla Sofia E sá ; Farioli, Andrea ; Faro, Andre ; Farzadfar, Farshad ; Fazaeli, Ali Akbar ; Feigin, Valery L ; Fentahun, Netsanet ; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad ; Fernandes, Eduarda ; Fernandes, Joao C ; Ferrari, Alize J ; Ferreira, Manuela L ; Filip, Irina ; Fischer, Florian ; Fitzmaurice, Christina ; Foigt, Nataliya A ; Foreman, Kyle J ; Frank, Tahvi D ; Fukumoto, Takeshi ; Fullman, Nancy ; Fürst, Thomas ; Furtado, João M ; Gakidou, Emmanuela ; Gall, Seana ; Gallus, Silvano ; Ganji, Morsaleh ; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L ; Gardner, William M ; Gebre, Abadi Kahsu ; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay ; Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo ; Gelano, Tilayie Feto ; Geleijnse, Johanna M ; Genova-Maleras, Ricard ; Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea ; Gething, Peter W ; Gezae, Kebede Embaye ; Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul ; Ghadiri, Keyghobad ; Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam ; Ghimire, Mamata ; Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal ; Gill, Paramjit Singh ; Gill, Tiffany K ; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed ; Giussani, Giorgia ; Gnedovskaya, Elena V ; Goldberg, Ellen M ; Goli, Srinivas ; Gómez-Dantés, Hector ; Gona, Philimon N ; Gopalani, Sameer Vali ; Gorman, Taren M ; Goulart, Alessandra C ; Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia ; Grada, Ayman ; Grosso, Giuseppe ; Gugnani, Harish Chander ; Guillemin, Francis ; Guo, Yuming ; Gupta, Prakash C ; Gupta, Rahul ; Gupta, Rajeev ; Gupta, Tanush ; Gutiérrez, Reyna Alma ; Gyawali, Bishal ; Haagsma, Juanita A ; Hachinski, Vladimir ; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima ; Haghparast Bidgoli, Hassan ; Hagos, Tekleberhan B ; Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa ; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin ; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya ; Hamadeh, Randah R ; Hamidi, Samer ; Handal, Alexis J ; Hankey, Graeme J ; Hao, Yuantao ; Harb, Hilda L ; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai ; Haririan, Hamidreza ; Haro, Josep Maria ; Hassankhani, Hadi ; Hassen, Hamid Yimam ; Havmoeller, Rasmus ; Hay, Roderick J ; Hay, Simon I ; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar ; Heibati, Behzad ; Hendrie, Delia ; Henok, Andualem ; Heredia-Pi, Ileana ; Herteliu, Claudiu ; Heydarpour, Fatemeh ; Heydarpour, Pouria ; Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw ; Hoek, Hans W ; Hoffman, Howard J ; Hole, Michael K ; Homaie Rad, Enayatollah ; Hoogar, Praveen ; Hosgood, H Dean ; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa ; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi ; Hostiuc, Mihaela ; Hostiuc, Sorin ; Hotez, Peter J ; Hoy, Damian G ; Hsairi, Mohamed ; Htet, Aung Soe ; Huang, John J ; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard ; Ikeda, Chad Thomas ; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen ; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi ; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter ; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful ; Islami, Farhad ; Jacobsen, Kathryn H ; Jahangiry, Leila ; Jahanmehr, Nader ; Jain, Sudhir Kumar ; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo ; James, Spencer L ; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra ; Jeemon, Panniyammakal ; Jha, Ravi Prakash ; Jha, Vivekanand ; Ji, John S ; Johnson, Catherine O ; Jonas, Jost B ; Jonnagaddala, Jitendra ; Jorjoran Shushtari, Zahra ; Joshi, Ankur ; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy ; Jungari, Suresh Banayya ; Jürisson, Mikk ; Kabir, Zubair ; Kadel, Rajendra ; Kahsay, Amaha ; Kalani, Rizwan ; Kanchan, Tanuj ; Kar, Chittaranjan ; Karami, Manoochehr ; Karami Matin, Behzad ; Karch, André ; Karema, Corine ; Karimi, Narges ; Karimi, Seyed M ; Kasaeian, Amir ; Kassa, Dessalegn H ; Kassa, Getachew Mullu ; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale ; Kassebaum, Nicholas J ; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal ; Kaul, Anil ; Kawakami, Norito ; Kazemi, Zhila ; Karyani, Ali Kazemi ; Keighobadi, Masoud Masoud ; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga ; Kemmer, Laura ; Kemp, Grant Rodgers ; Kengne, Andre Pascal ; Keren, Andre ; Khader, Yousef Saleh ; Khafaei, Behzad ; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif ; Khajavi, Alireza ; Khalid, Nauman ; Khalil, Ibrahim A ; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad ; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb ; Khan, Muhammad Ali ; Khang, Young-Ho ; Khater, Mona M ; Khazaei, Mohammad ; Khoja, Abdullah T ; Khosravi, Ardeshir ; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein ; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A ; Kidanemariam, Zelalem Teklemariam ; Kiirithio, Daniel N ; Kim, Cho-Il ; Kim, Daniel ; Kim, Young-Eun ; Kim, Yun Jin ; Kimokoti, Ruth W ; Kinfu, Yohannes ; Kisa, Adnan ; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna ; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo ; Kocarnik, Jonathan M ; Kochhar, Sonali ; Kokubo, Yoshihiro ; Kolola, Tufa ; Kopec, Jacek A ; Kosen, Soewarta ; Kotsakis, Georgios A ; Koul, Parvaiz A ; Koyanagi, Ai ; Krishan, Kewal ; Krishnaswami, Sanjay ; Krohn, Kristopher J ; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy ; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu ; Kumar, G Anil ; Kumar, Manasi ; Kuzin, Igor ; Lad, Deepesh P ; Lad, Sheetal D ; Lafranconi, Alessandra ; Lalloo, Ratilal ; Lallukka, Tea ; Lami, Faris Hasan ; Lang, Justin J ; Langan, Sinéad M ; Lansingh, Van C ; Latifi, Arman ; Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming ; Lazarus, Jeffrey V ; Leasher, Janet L ; Ledesma, Jorge R ; Lee, Paul H ; Leigh, James ; Leili, Mostafa ; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema ; Leung, Janni ; Levi, Miriam ; Lewycka, Sonia ; Li, Shanshan ; Li, Yichong ; Liang, Xiaofeng ; Liao, Yu ; Liben, Misgan Legesse ; Lim, Lee-Ling ; Lim, Stephen S ; Limenih, Miteku Andualem ; Linn, Shai ; Liu, Shiwei ; Looker, Katharine J ; Lopez, Alan D ; Lorkowski, Stefan ; Lotufo, Paulo A ; Lozano, Rafael ; Lucas, Tim C D ; Lunevicius, Raimundas ; Lyons, Ronan A ; Ma, Stefan ; Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King ; Mackay, Mark T ; Maddison, Emilie R ; Madotto, Fabiana ; Maghavani, Dhaval P ; Mai, Hue Thi ; Majdan, Marek ; Majdzadeh, Reza ; Majeed, Azeem ; Malekzadeh, Reza ; Malta, Deborah Carvalho ; Mamun, Abdullah A ; Manda, Ana-Laura ; Manguerra, Helena ; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali ; Mantilla Herrera, Ana Maria ; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni ; Maravilla, Joemer C ; Marcenes, Wagner ; Marks, Ashley ; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio ; Martopullo, Ira ; März, Winfried ; Marzan, Melvin B ; Massano, João ; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard ; Mathur, Manu Raj ; Maulik, Pallab K ; Mazidi, Mohsen ; McAlinden, Colm ; McGrath, John J ; McKee, Martin ; McMahon, Brian J ; Mehata, Suresh ; Mehrotra, Ravi ; Mehta, Kala M ; Mehta, Varshil ; Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola ; Mekonen, Tesfa ; Melese, Addisu ; Melku, Mulugeta ; Memiah, Peter T N ; Memish, Ziad A ; Mendoza, Walter ; Mengistu, Getnet ; Mensah, George A ; Mereta, Seid Tiku ; Meretoja, Atte ; Meretoja, Tuomo J ; Mestrovic, Tomislav ; Miazgowski, Bartosz ; Miazgowski, Tomasz ; Millear, Anoushka I ; Miller, Ted R ; Mini, G K ; Mirarefin, Mojde ; Mirica, Andreea ; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M ; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen ; Mitchell, Philip B ; Mitiku, Habtamu ; Moazen, Babak ; Mohajer, Bahram ; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin ; Mohammadi, Moslem ; Mohammadifard, Noushin ; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa ; Mohammed, Mohammed A ; Mohammed, Shafiu ; Mohebi, Farnam ; Mokdad, Ali H ; Molokhia, Mariam ; Monasta, Lorenzo ; Montañez, Julio Cesar ; Moosazadeh, Mahmood ; Moradi, Ghobad ; Moradi, Mahmoudreza ; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar ; Moradinazar, Mehdi ; Moraga, Paula ; Morawska, Lidia ; Moreno Velásquez, Ilais ; Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana ; Morrison, Shane Douglas ; Moschos, Marilita M ; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam ; Mruts, Kalayu Brhane ; Muche, Achenef Asmamaw ; Muchie, Kindie Fentahun ; Mueller, Ulrich Otto ; Muhammed, Oumer Sada ; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath ; Muller, Kate ; Mumford, John Everett ; Murthy, G V S ; Musa, Kamarul Imran ; Mustafa, Ghulam ; Nabhan, Ashraf F ; Nagata, Chie ; Nagel, Gabriele ; Naghavi, Mohsen ; Naheed, Aliya ; Nahvijou, Azin ; Naik, Gurudatta ; Najafi, Farid ; Nam, Hae Sung ; Nangia, Vinay ; Nansseu, Jobert Richie ; Neamati, Nahid ; Negoi, Ionut ; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina ; Neupane, Subas ; Newton, Charles Richard James ; Ngunjiri, Josephine W ; Nguyen, Anh Quynh ; Nguyen, Grant ; Nguyen, Ha Thu ; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi ; Nguyen, Huong Thanh ; Nguyen, Long Hoang ; Nguyen, Minh ; Nguyen, Nam Ba ; Nguyen, Son Hoang ; Nichols, Emma ; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini ; Nixon, Molly R ; Nomura, Shuhei ; Noroozi, Mehdi ; Norrving, Bo ; Noubiap, Jean Jacques ; Nouri, Hamid Reza ; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour ; Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza ; Nsoesie, Elaine O ; Nyasulu, Peter S ; Odell, Christopher M ; Ofori-Asenso, Richard ; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene ; Oh, In-Hwan ; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju ; Olagunju, Andrew T ; Olagunju, Tinuke O ; Olivares, Pedro R ; Olsen, Helen Elizabeth ; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola ; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun ; Ong, Kanyin L ; Ong, Sok King ; Oren, Eyal ; Ortiz, Alberto ; Ota, Erika ; Otstavnov, Stanislav S ; Øverland, Simon ; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo ; P A, Mahesh ; Pacella, Rosana ; Pakhare, Abhijit P ; Pakpour, Amir H ; Pana, Adrian ; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra ; Park, Eun-Kee ; Park, James ; Parry, Charles D H ; Parsian, Hadi ; Pasdar, Yahya ; Patel, Shanti ; Patil, Snehal T ; Patle, Ajay ; Patton, George C ; Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao ; Paudel, Deepak ; Paulson, Katherine R ; Pearce, Neil ; Pereira, Alexandre ; Pereira, David M ; Perico, Norberto ; Pesudovs, Konrad ; Petzold, Max ; Pham, Hai Quang ; Phillips, Michael R ; Pigott, David M ; Pillay, Julian David ; Piradov, Michael A ; Pirsaheb, Meghdad ; Pishgar, Farhad ; Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer ; Polinder, Suzanne ; Popova, Svetlana ; Postma, Maarten J ; Pourshams, Akram ; Poustchi, Hossein ; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj ; Prakash, Swayam ; Prakash, V ; Prasad, Narayan ; Purcell, Caroline A ; Qorbani, Mostafa ; Quistberg, D Alex ; Radfar, Amir ; Rafay, Anwar ; Rafiei, Alireza ; Rahim, Fakher ; Rahimi, Kazem ; Rahimi, Zohreh ; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin ; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa ; Rahman, Mahfuzar ; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur ; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz ; Rahman, Sajjad Ur ; Rai, Rajesh Kumar ; Rajati, Fatemeh ; Ranjan, Prabhat ; Rao, Puja C ; Rasella, Davide ; Rawaf, David Laith ; Rawaf, Salman ; Reddy, K Srinath ; Reiner, Robert C ; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay ; Remuzzi, Giuseppe ; Renzaho, Andre M N ; Resnikoff, Serge ; Rezaei, Satar ; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh ; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P ; Roberts, Nicholas L S ; Robinson, Stephen R ; Roever, Leonardo ; Ronfani, Luca ; Roshandel, Gholamreza ; Rostami, Ali ; Roth, Gregory A ; Rothenbacher, Dietrich ; Rubagotti, Enrico ; Sachdev, Perminder S ; Sadat, Nafis ; Sadeghi, Ehsan ; Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar ; Safari, Hosein ; Safari, Yahya ; Safari-Faramani, Roya ; Safdarian, Mahdi ; Safi, Sare ; Safiri, Saeid ; Sagar, Rajesh ; Sahebkar, Amirhossein ; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali ; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat ; Salam, Nasir ; Salama, Joseph S ; Salamati, Payman ; Saleem, Zikria ; Salimi, Yahya ; Salimzadeh, Hamideh ; Salomon, Joshua A ; Salvi, Sundeep Santosh ; Salz, Inbal ; Samy, Abdallah M ; Sanabria, Juan ; Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores ; Santomauro, Damian Francesco ; Santos, Itamar S ; Santos, João Vasco ; Santric Milicevic, Milena M ; Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi ; Sardana, Mayank ; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque ; Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo ; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal ; Sartorius, Benn ; Sarvi, Shahabeddin ; Sathian, Brijesh ; Satpathy, Maheswar ; Sawant, Arundhati R ; Sawhney, Monika ; Saxena, Sonia ; Schaeffner, Elke ; Schmidt, Maria Inês ; Schneider, Ione J C ; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth ; Schwebel, David C ; Schwendicke, Falk ; Scott, James G ; Sekerija, Mario ; Sepanlou, Sadaf G ; Serván-Mori, Edson ; Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba ; Shabaninejad, Hosein ; Shafieesabet, Azadeh ; Shahbazi, Mehdi ; Shaheen, Amira A ; Shaikh, Masood Ali ; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran ; Shamsi, Mohammadbagher ; Sharafi, Heidar ; Sharafi, Kiomars ; Sharif, Mehdi ; Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi ; Sharma, Jayendra ; Sharma, Rajesh ; She, Jun ; Sheikh, Aziz ; Shi, Peilin ; Shibuya, Kenji ; Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay ; Shigematsu, Mika ; Shiri, Rahman ; Shirkoohi, Reza ; Shiue, Ivy ; Shokoohinia, Yalda ; Shokraneh, Farhad ; Shoman, Haitham ; Shrime, Mark G ; Si, Si ; Siabani, Soraya ; Sibai, Abla Mehio ; Siddiqi, Tariq J ; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora ; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig ; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos ; Silva, João Pedro ; Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves ; Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata ; Singh, Jasvinder A ; Singh, Narinder Pal ; Singh, Virendra ; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain ; Skiadaresi, Eirini ; Skirbekk, Vegard ; Sliwa, Karen ; Smith, David L ; Smith, Mari ; Soares Filho, Adauto Martins ; Sobaih, Badr Hasan ; Sobhani, Soheila ; Soofi, Moslem ; Sorensen, Reed J D ; Soriano, Joan B ; Soyiri, Ireneous N ; Sposato, Luciano A ; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T ; Srinivasan, Vinay ; Stanaway, Jeffrey D ; Starodubov, Vladimir I ; Stein, Dan J ; Steiner, Caitlyn ; Steiner, Timothy J ; Stokes, Mark A ; Stovner, Lars Jacob ; Subart, Michelle L ; Sudaryanto, Agus ; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale ; Sulo, Gerhard ; Sunguya, Bruno F ; Sur, Patrick John ; Sykes, Bryan L ; Sylaja, P N ; Sylte, Dillon O ; Szoeke, Cassandra E I ; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael ; Tabuchi, Takahiro ; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar ; Tandon, Nikhil ; Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel ; Tavakkoli, Mohammad ; Taveira, Nuno ; Taylor, Hugh R ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash ; Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw ; Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey ; Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin ; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani ; Temsah, Omar ; Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman ; Tessema, Belay ; Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu ; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman ; Theis, Andrew ; Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish ; Thomas, Nihal ; Tilahun, Binyam ; To, Quyen G ; Tonelli, Marcello ; Topor-Madry, Roman ; Torre, Anna E ; Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel ; Touvier, Mathilde ; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto ; Towbin, Jeffrey A ; Tran, Bach Xuan ; Tran, Khanh Bao ; Troeger, Christopher E ; Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel ; Tsoi, Derrick ; Tudor Car, Lorainne ; Tyrovolas, Stefanos ; Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna ; Ullah, Irfan ; Undurraga, Eduardo A ; Updike, Rachel L ; Usman, Muhammad Shariq ; Uthman, Olalekan A ; Vaduganathan, Muthiah ; Vaezi, Afsane ; Valdez, Pascual R ; Varavikova, Elena ; Varughese, Santosh ; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani ; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy ; Villafaina, Santos ; Violante, Francesco S ; Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch ; Vlassov, Vasily ; Vollset, Stein Emil ; Vos, Theo ; Vosoughi, Kia ; Vujcic, Isidora S ; Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw ; Waheed, Yasir ; Wang, Yafeng ; Wang, Yuan-Pang ; Weiderpass, Elisabete ; Weintraub, Robert G ; Weiss, Daniel J ; Weldegebreal, Fitsum ; Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey ; Werdecker, Andrea ; West, T Eoin ; Westerman, Ronny ; Whiteford, Harvey A ; Widecka, Justyna ; Wijeratne, Tissa ; Williams, Hywel C ; Wilner, Lauren B ; Wilson, Shadrach ; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia ; Wiyeh, Alison B ; Wiysonge, Charles Shey ; Wolfe, Charles D A ; Woolf, Anthony D ; Wyper, Grant M A ; Xavier, Denis ; Xu, Gelin ; Yadgir, Simon ; Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein ; Yamada, Tomohide ; Yan, Lijing L ; Yano, Yuichiro ; Yaseri, Mehdi ; Yasin, Yasin Jemal ; Yeshaneh, Alex ; Yimer, Ebrahim M ; Yip, Paul ; Yisma, Engida ; Yonemoto, Naohiro ; Yoon, Seok-Jun ; Yotebieng, Marcel ; Younis, Mustafa Z ; Yousefifard, Mahmoud ; Yu, Chuanhua ; Zadnik, Vesna ; Zaidi, Zoubida ; Zaman, Sojib Bin ; Zamani, Mohammad ; Zandian, Hamed ; Zar, Heather J ; Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew ; Zhou, Maigeng ; Zipkin, Ben ; Zodpey, Sanjay ; Zucker, Inbar ; Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna ; Murray, Christopher J L (2018) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 The Lancet, 392 (10159). pp. 1859-1922. ISSN 0140-6736
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32335-3
Related URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32335-3
Abstract
Background How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1–7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3–65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7–73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0–5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3–12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1–33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8–15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9–6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6–59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5–65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4–4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8–11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4–1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9–64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9–65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9–25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9–32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5–57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6–2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9–12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4–78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8–75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7–50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1–45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8–43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9–51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8–43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0–20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Source: | Copyright of this article belongs to Elsevier Ltd. |
| ID Code: | 120692 |
| Deposited On: | 04 Jul 2021 11:44 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Jul 2021 11:44 |
Repository Staff Only: item control page
