White Light Induced E/Z-Photoisomerization of Diphenylamine-Tethered Fluorescent Stilbene Derivatives: Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Investigation

Abstract

A facile synthesis and detailed photophysical investigation of E/Z-isomerization of fluorescent diphenylamine tethered stilbene derivatives (DPASs) under white light exposure have been carried out to understand the effect on fluorescence, electrochemical properties, and photostability under various activation/deactivation pathways. In solution state, in the dark, the E-isomer of DPASs (6a–d) exhibited high fluorescence quantum yields (Φ_fl ≈ 53% to 60% in DMSO). However, on white light exposure, 1H NMR and HPLC studies revealed that pure E-isomer of the DPAS 6a (∼9.5 mM) started converting into its Z-form by photoisomerization until it reaches to nearly equilibrium. At low concentrations (∼10 μM), the absorption band of the pure E-isomer in the range of 350–450 nm gradually decreased to adopt Z-conformation 6a′ until a photostationary state was reached. The structure of the E-isomer 6a was unequivocally confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The synthesized DPAS compounds 6a–d possessed positive solvatochromic properties, two photon absorption properties, and good thermal stability. The electrochemical investigations using DPASs showed reversible oxidation resulting in formation of a stable radical cation. Owing to useful photophysical, electrochemical and thermal properties, these DPAS derivatives are suitable for their application in biomedical imaging as well as in fabrication of electroluminescent materials.