Evaluating the cation binding strength and selectivity of calix[4]pyrroles: a computational and ESI-MS/MS study

Abstract

The cation binding strength of calix[4]pyrroles in the gas phase has been evaluated by computational studies and further substantiated by ESI mass spectrometry experiments. The DFT optimized geometries of [CP + X]⁺ complexes are found to be stable in a 1,3-alternate conformation through cation–π interactions and interestingly CPs are found to be better cation receptor than calix[4]arenes. The binding energy values of [CP + X]⁺ complexes computed at B2PLYP/TZVP//M05-2X/TZVP follows the binding order, Li⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > Rb⁺ > Cs⁺. The diameter of Li⁺ matches very well with the cavity size of CP and thus is optimally disposed to interact simultaneously with all four pyrrole rings through multiple cation–π interactions. However, other cations, due to the increase in their size, drift away from the cavity center towards the rim of the cavity exhibiting weak cation–π interactions. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) reveals that the electrostatic and polarization effects act as the major driving force in these interactions. The important outcome of the current study is that the stability of precursor and product ions is found to be crucial in the experimental evaluation of binding affinity of Li⁺ and Na⁺ complexes of CP. The ESI-MS/MS experiments on the cation complexes of different substituted CPs revealed that the binding strength of CPs towards cations is also dependant on the substituents at the meso-position.