Mechanism of S-oxygenation by a cysteine dioxygenase model complex

Abstract

In this work, we present the first computational study on a biomimetic cysteine dioxygenase model complex, [Fe^II(LN₃S)]⁺, in which LN₃S is a tetradentate ligand with a bis(imino)pyridyl scaffold and a pendant arylthiolate group. The reaction mechanism of sulfur dioxygenation with O₂ was examined by density functional theory (DFT) methods and compared with results obtained for cysteine dioxygenase. The reaction proceeds via multistate reactivity patterns on competing singlet, triplet, and quintet spin state surfaces. The reaction mechanism is analogous to that found for cysteine dioxygenase enzymes (Kumar, D.; Thiel, W.; de Visser, S. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2011, 133, 3869–3882); hence, the computations indicate that this complex can closely mimic the enzymatic process. The catalytic mechanism starts from an iron(III)–superoxo complex and the attack of the terminal oxygen atom of the superoxo group on the sulfur atom of the ligand. Subsequently, the dioxygen bond breaks to form an iron(IV)–oxo complex with a bound sulfenato group. After reorganization, the second oxygen atom is transferred to the substrate to give a sulfinic acid product. An alternative mechanism involving the direct attack of dioxygen on the sulfur, without involving any iron–oxygen intermediates, was also examined. Importantly, a significant energetic preference for dioxygen coordinating to the iron center prior to attack at sulfur was discovered and serves to elucidate the function of the metal ion in the reaction process. The computational results are in good agreement with experimental observations, and the differences and similarities of the biomimetic complex and the enzymatic cysteine dioxygenase center are highlighted.