Independent association of severe vitamin D deficiency as a risk of acute myocardial infarction in Indians

Abstract

Background: Association of vitamin D deficiency with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) has been widely reported. Emerging data has shown high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Indians. However, this association has not been studied in Indians. Methods: A case-control study with 120 consecutive cases of first incident acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) and 120 age and gender matched healthy controls was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. The standard clinical and biochemical risk factors for MI were assessed for both cases and controls. Serum 25 (OH) vitamin D assay was performed from stored samples for cases and controls using radioimmunoassay. Results: Vitamin D deficiency [25(OH) D < 30 ng/ml] was highly prevalent in cases and controls (98.3% and 95.8% respectively) with median levels lower in cases (6 ng/ml and 11.1 ng/ml respectively; p < 0.001). The cases were more likely to have diabetes, hypertension and consume tobacco and alcohol. They had higher waist hip ratio, total and LDL cholesterol. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed severe vitamin D deficiency [25(OH) vitamin D < 10 ng/ml] was associated with a risk of MI with an odds ratio of 4.5 (95% CI 2.2–9.2). Conclusions: This study reveals high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among cases of acute MI and controls from India, with levels of 25 (OH)D being significantly lower among cases. Despite rampant hypovitaminosis, severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with acute MI after adjusting for conventional risk factors. This association needs to be tested in larger studies in different regions of the country.