Interaction of solar wind with moon: an overview on the results from the SARA experiment aboard Chandrayaan-1

Abstract

The results from the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer (SARA) experiment onboard Chandrayaan-1 have revealed several hitherto unknown and interesting aspects about the interaction of solar wind with the Moon. The SARA experiment had two sensors — CENA and SWIM. The Chandrayaan-1 energetic neutrals analyzer (CENA), detected energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), and the Solar Wind Monitor (SWIM) measured ions of solar wind origin. In this review, we summarize the observations made by the SARA experiment, which are: (1) substantial (∼20%) and sustained backscattering of solar wind protons from lunar surface as energetic neutral hydrogen,¹ (2) mini-magnetosphere around magnetic anomalies on Moon using the backscattered ENAs,² (3) reflection of solar wind protons from the Moon surface,³ (4) huge (∼50%) deflection of solar wind protons over strong magnetic anomalies,⁴ and (5) presence of protons in the near-lunar plasma wake.⁵ These results have implications on the lunar plasma environment, implantation of solar wind hydrogen on lunar surface, and behavior of small scale magnetic anomalies on planetary bodies. The SARA observations suggest that similar processes may happen. on other airless bodies covered with regolith in the solar system as well as in extra-solar system. This paper presents a review of the results obtained from the SARA observation