Molecular mechanics studies on poly(purine)·poly(pyrimidine) sequences in DNA: polymorphism and local variability

Abstract

Energy minimization has been carried out on three poly(purine) · poly(pyrimidine) sequences-d(G)₁₀·d(C)₁₀, d(A)₁₀, d(T)₁₀ and d(AG)₅·d(CT)₅-using the molecular mechanics program AMBER (Assisted Model Building and Energy Refinement). In order to extensively scan the conformational space available, five different helical models were studied, three of them being right-handed helices while the other two were left helical. For all three sequences the right-handed A- and B-type helices are energetically slightly preferred over the left helices, but the energy difference between the various right-handed helices is only marginal. A detailed analysis has been carried out to characterize the local structural variability in the refined structures, both in terms of torsion angles as well as other parameters such as base-pair tilt, wedge roll, and wedge tilt, etc. All three sequences exhibit similar structural features for a particular form, but both the forms A and B show significant deviations from fiber models. In particular, the A-form structures have higher unit rise (2.7 Å), and lower unit twist (31°) and base-pair tilt (12°), compared to the fiber model, which has corresponding values of 2.56 Å, 32.7°, 20°, respectively. All these changes indicate that the refined models are closer to the A-form structure observed in crystals of oligonucleotides. In the refined B-for models, the helical parameters are close to the fiber B-form, although the torsion angles show considerable variations. None of the three sequences examined, including the d(A)_n·d(T)_n sequence, show any pronounced curvature for the B-form structure.