Aspects of separability in the coupled cluster based direct methods for energy differences

Abstract

In this paper we have discussed in detail the aspects of separability of the energy differences obtained from coupled cluster based "direct" methods such as the open-shell Coupled Cluster (CC) theory and the Coupled Cluster based Linear Response Theory (CC-LRT). It has been emphasized that, unlike the state energies per se, the energy differences have a semi-local character in that, in the asymptotic limit of non-interacting subsystems A, B, C, etc., they are separable as ΔE _A, ΔE _B, ΔE _A + ΔE _B, etc. depending on the subsystems excited. We classify the direct many-body methods into two categories: core-extensive and core-valence extensive. In the former, we only implicitly subtract the ground state energy computed in a size-extensive manner; the energy differences are not chosen to be valence-extensive (separable) in the semi-local sense. The core-valence extensive theories, on the other hand, are fully extensive - i.e., with respect to both core and valence interactions, and hence display the semi-local separability. Generic structures of the wave-operators for core-extensive and core-valence extensive theories are discussed. CC-LRT is shown to be core-extensive after a transcription to an equivalent wave-operator based form. The emergence of valence disconnected diagrams for two and higher valence problems are indicated. The open-shell CC theory is shown to be core-valence extensive and hence fully connected. For one valence problems, the CC theory and the CC-LRT are shown to be equivalent. The equations for the cluster amplitudes in the Bloch equation are quadratic, admitting of multiple solutions. It is shown that the cluster amplitudes for the main peaks, in principle obtainable as a series inV from the zeroth order roots of the model space, are connected, and hence the energy differences are fully extensive. It is remarkable that the satellite energies obtained from the alternative solutions of the CC equations are not valence-extensive, indicating the necessity of a formal power series structure inV of the cluster amplitudes for the valence-extensivity. The alternative solutions are not obtainable as a power series inV. The CC-LRT is shown to have an effective hamiltonian structure respecting "downward reducibility". A unitary version of CC-LRT (UCC-LRT) is proposed, which satisfy both upward and downward reducibility. UCC-LRT is shown to lead to the recent propagator theory known as the Algebraic Diagrammatic Construction. It is shown that both the main and the satellite peaks from UCC-LRT for the one valence problems are core-valence extensive owing to the hermitized nature of the underlying operator to be diagonalized.