Design and Synthesis of New Benzimidazole–Carbazole Conjugates for the Stabilization of Human Telomeric DNA, Telomerase Inhibition, and Their Selective Action on Cancer Cells

Abstract

Cell-permeable small molecules that enhance the stability of the G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures are currently among the most intensively pursued ligands for inhibition of the telomerase activity. Herein we report the design and syntheses of four novel benzimidazole-carbazole conjugates and demonstrate their high binding affinity to G4 DNA. S1 nuclease assay confirmed the ligand mediated G-quadruplex DNA protection. Additional evidence from Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP-LIG) assay demonstrated efficient telomerase inhibition activity by the ligands. Two of the ligands showed IC50 values in the sub-micromolar range in the TRAP-LIG assay, which are the best among the benzimidazole derivatives reported so far. The ligands also exhibited cancer cell selective nuclear internalization, nuclear condensation, fragmentation, and eventually antiproliferative activity in long-term cell viability assays. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining assays confirm that the cell death induced by the ligands follows an apoptotic pathway. An insight into the mode of ligand binding was obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations.