Friedel–Crafts propionylation of veratrole to 3,4-dimethoxypropiophenone over superacidic UDCaT-5 catalyst

Abstract

3,4-Dimethoxypropiophenone (3,4-DMPP) is of considerable commercial importance due to its use in fine chemical and drug industries. 3,4-DMPP is traditionally produced by the Friedel–Crafts propionylation of veratrole using homogeneous catalysts which are highly polluting. Zeolites have also been used but they are known to deactivate rapidly. A variety of novel solid acid catalysts such as UDCaT-4 (persulfated alumina zirconia on hexagonal mesoporous silica, HMS), UDCaT-5 (superacidic modified sulfated zirconia) and UDCaT-6 (modified sulfated zirconia nanoparticles on HMS) were synthesized in our laboratory and characterized. Amongst them UDCaT-5 was the most active and selective. The current work deals with development of clean and benign route for 3,4-DMPP synthesis using UDCaT-5 as catalyst in the absence of any solvent. Effects of various parameters were studied in order to optimize the conversion of veratrole and selectivity to 3,4-DMPP. Based on the experimental data a suitable mathematical model was developed to represent the reaction kinetics.