Synthesis of hollow nanotubes of Zn₂SiO₄ or SiO₂: mechanistic understanding and uranium adsorption behavior

Abstract

We report a facile synthesis of Zn₂SiO₄ nanotubes using a two-step process consisting of a wet-chemical synthesis of core–shell ZnO@SiO₂ nanorods followed by thermal annealing. While annealing in air leads to the formation of hollow Zn₂SiO₄, annealing under reducing atmosphere leads to the formation of SiO₂ nanotubes. We rationalize the formation of the silicate phase at temperatures much lower than the temperatures reported in the literature based on the porous nature of the silica shell on the ZnO nanorods. We present results from in situ transmission electron microscopy experiments to clearly show void nucleation at the interface between ZnO and the silica shell and the growth of the silicate phase by the Kirkendall effect. The porous nature of the silica shell is also responsible for the etching of the ZnO leading to the formation of silica nanotubes under reducing conditions. Both the hollow silica and silicate nanotubes exhibit good uranium sorption at different ranges of pH making them possible candidates for nuclear waste management.