Crystal structure of a complex formed between a snake venom phospholipase A₂ and a potent peptide inhibitor Phe-Leu-Ser-Tyr-Lys at 1.8 Å resolution

Abstract

Phospholipase A₂is an important enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins and their related compounds causing inflammatory disorders. Among the several peptides tested, the peptide Phe-Leu-Ser-Tyr-Lys (FLSYK) showed the highest inhibition. The dissociation constant (K _d) for this peptide was calculated to be 3.57 ± 0.05 × 10^-9 m. In order to further improve the degree of inhibition of phospholipase A₂, a complex between Russells viper snake venom phospholipase A₂ and a peptide inhibitor FLSYK was crystallized, and its structure was determined by crystallographic methods and refined to an R-factor of 0.205 at 1.8 Å resolution. The structure contains two crystallographically independent molecules of phospholipase A₂ (molecules A and B) and a peptide molecule specifically bound to molecule A only. The two molecules formed an asymmetric dimer. The dimerization caused a modification in the binding site of molecule A. The overall conformations of molecules A and B were found to be generally similar except three regions i.e. the Trp-31-containing loop (residues 25-34), the β-wing consisting of two antiparallel β-strands (residues 74-85) and the C-terminal region (residues 119-133). Out of the above three, the most striking difference pertains to the conformation of Trp-31 in the two molecules. The orientation of Trp-31 in molecule A was suitable for the binding of FLSYK, while it disallowed the binding of peptide to molecule B. The structure of the complex clearly shows that the peptide is so placed in the binding site of molecule A that the side chain of its lysine residue interacted extensively with the enzyme and formed several hydrogen bonds in addition to a strong electrostatic interaction with critical Asp-49. The C-terminal carboxylic group of the peptide interacted with the catalytic residue His-48.