A universal sensor for mercury (Hg, Hg^I, Hg^II) based on silver nanoparticle-embedded polymer thin film

Abstract

Detection of mercury at concentration levels down to parts-per-billion is a problem of fundamental and practical interest due to the high toxicity of the metal and its role in environmental pollution. The extensive research in this area has been focused primarily on specific sensing of mercuric (Hg²⁺) ion. As mercury exists in the oxidation states, +2, +1 and 0 all of which are highly toxic, a universal sensor covering all the three while ensuring high sensitivity, selectivity, and linearity of response, and facilitating in situ as well as ex situ deployment, would be very valuable. Silver nanoparticle-embedded poly(vinyl alcohol) (Ag-PVA) thin film fabricated through a facile protocol is shown to be a fast, efficient and selective sensor for Hg²⁺, Hg₂²⁺ and Hg in aqueous medium with a detection limit of 1 ppb. The sensor response is linear in the 10 ppb to 1 ppm concentration regime. A unique characteristic of the thin film based sensor is the blue shift occurring concomitantly with the decrease in the surface plasmon resonance absorption upon interaction with mercury, making the sensing highly selective. Unlike the majority of known sensors that work only in situ, the thin film sensor can be used ex situ as well. Examination of the thin film using microscopy and spectroscopy through the sensing process provides detailed insight into the sensing event.