Relaxor ferroelectricity and electric-field-driven structural transformation in the giant lead-free piezoelectric(Ba,Ca)(Ti,Zr)O₃

Abstract

There is great interest in lead-free (Ba_0.85Ca_0.15) (Ti_0.90Zr_0.10)O₃ (15/10BCTZ) because of its exceptionally large piezoelectric response [Liu and Ren, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 257602 (2009)]. In this paper, we have analyzed the nature of: (i) crystallographic phase coexistence at room temperature, (ii) temperature- and field-induced phase transformation to throw light on the atomistic mechanisms associated with the large piezoelectric response of this system. A detailed temperature-dependent dielectric and lattice thermal expansion study proved that the system exhibits a weak dielectric relaxation, characteristic of a relaxor ferroelectric material on the verge of exhibiting a normal ferroelectric-paraelectric transformation. Careful structural analysis revealed that a ferroelectric state at room temperature is composed of three phase coexistences, tetragonal (P4mm) + orthorhombic ( Amm2) + rhombohedral (R3m) . We also demonstrate that the giant piezoresponse is associated with a significant fraction of the tetragonal phase transforming to rhombohedral. It is argued that the polar nanoregions associated with relaxor ferroelectricity amplify the piezoresponse by providing an additional degree of intrinsic structural inhomogeneity to the system.